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High Voltage Busbar Protection Author: Velimir Lackovic A well-designed electrical protection system should cover all components against possible faults. Line protection concepts, such as overcurrent and distance arrangements, satisfy this requirement, even though short circuits in the busbar zone are cleared following a time delay. However, if unit protection... Learn More

Fundamentals of Measurement Transducers and Synchronizers Author: Velimir Lackovic The precise measurement of voltage, current or other power system parameters is a requirement for any automation and control process, ranging from automatic closed-loop control to data sampling for statistical needs. Measurement of these parameters can be achieved in a... Learn More

AC Motor Protection Author: Velimir Lackovic AC motors are available in a wide range of configurations and features which allows them to be used in numerous applications. AC motors need to be protected but determining the method of protection is usually independent of the motor and load type. The... Learn More

Switching Transients Analysis Fundamentals Author: Velimir Lackovic Switching transients severe enough to cause problems in industrial power systems are most often associated with inadequate or malfunctioning breakers or switches and the switching of capacitor banks and other frequently switched loads. The arc furnace system is most frequently studied because... Learn More

Shunt Capacitor Bank Design and Protection Basics Author: Velimir Lackovic Shunt capacitor units are typically used to deliver capacitive reactive compensation or power factor correction. The use of shunt capacitor units has gained popularity because they are relatively inexpensive, simple to install and commission and can be placed anywhere... Learn More

PV Systems Safety Author: Velimir Lackovic This course is intended to be a reference with helpful and easily-accessible instructions on how to work safely with photovoltaic (PV) systems. It includes description of specific hazards, their frequent causes, and strategies to prevent and avoid them. This course has three different... Learn More